« I have nothing to offer, but blood, toil, tears and sweat”, Churchill Triggered in 2016 (following a referendum), Brexit became a reality in 2021 because of the entry into force of the ACC protocol (Trade and Cooperation Agreement) signed with the European Union (a divorce amicable?). This unprecedented event (partial disintegration of a common market)...Read More

Relations between the United Kingdom and Europe refer to a turbulent history. The British refused to participate in the negotiations that led to the creation of the EEC in 1957. Then the accession file was blocked by General de Gaulle who considered that the arrival of the English would be a factor of disorder. Finally...Read More

Driven by the dramatic increase in digital needs (amplified by the 2020/21 health crisis, by the rise of telework and e-commerce), these digital companies have gained unprecedented influence on the daily lives of individuals and the functioning of markets. Global commerce control by a few digital platforms has become a threat that risks challenging competition...Read More

GAMAM (Google-Apple-Meta-Amazon-Microsoft) have become key players in the functioning of the digital economy. These companies are at the heart of the concentration process that has upset the functioning of the American economy. Thanks to the rise of e-commerce and the Covid-19 pandemic, these giant companies have advanced their pawns and are in phase to control...Read More

The establishment and development of the Internet since the middle of 1990 has given rise to a new type of white-collar crime. Cyber attacks are based on unauthorized intrusions into the computer systems of private or public users: data hacking, identity theft, introduction of malware, phishing attacks, etc. For any organization, a paralysis of its...Read More